TRAPPED IN A WEB OF LIES OF THEIR OWN MAKING

Predictions of global warming based on fraudulent equilibrium climate models have become so lucrative that our so called ‘climate scientists’ have trapped themselves in a web of lies of their own making. They are no longer scientists. They are Prophets of the Cult of the Global Warming Apocalypse.

OVERVIEW

1.0 THE CORRUPTION OF CLIMATE SCIENCE

2.0 THE TRANSITION FROM INVALID HYPOTHESIS TO CLIMATE FRAUD

As discussed above, the climate fraud developed over a long period of time. There is no single person or single event that can be identified as the source of the fraud. There is no ‘smoking gun’. One of issues that needs to be established is the date or dates of the transition from invalid hypothesis to downright fraud. This is a similar concept to that of ‘obviousness’ in Patent Law. How would a scientist verify that a climate model was giving a valid result? When does the fraud become obvious? A timeline of selected developments in climate science is presented in Figure 1 and the events indicated are listed in Table 1. The AMO, including the oscillation and the linear slope (blue), and the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration (Keeling curve, green) are also shown [NOAA, AMO, 2020 Keeling, 2020]. The transition from hypothesis to fraud is indicated. It took place over the 12 year period from the publication of the radiative convective equilibrium model by Manabe and Wetherald in 1967 to the publication of the Charney Report in 1979. The fraud certainly becomes obvious with the 1981 Science publication by Hansen et al. These events will now be considered in more detail.

Figure 1: Timeline of climate developments

Table 1: List of climate developments shown in Figure 1.

3.0 AN INVALID HYPOTHESIS: FROM FOURIER TO MANABE AND WETHERALD, 1824 TO 1967

Fourier, in his ‘memoires’ of 1824 and 1827 was interested in the temperature of the earth. His theory of heat, published in 1822 was successful in explaining detailed observations including seasonal changes and the time delays or phase shifts in the subsurface temperature [Fourier, 1822, 1824, 1827]. The equilibrium hypothesis was first proposed by Pouillet in 1836. He was apparently unaware of the implications of Fourier’s work on the subsurface phase shift [Pouillet, 1836]. The time delay or phase shift between the peak solar flux and the temperature response provides irrefutable evidence of a non-equilibrium climate. Such seasonal and diurnal phase shifts have been ignored in climate science for almost 200 years. The most easily observed phase shift is the 4 to 8 week delay between the peak solar flux at solstice and the seasonal temperature response at mid and higher latitudes. This has been recorded part of normal weather station temperature data for well over 100 years.

Once the work of Agassiz [1840] on the existence of an Ice Age was accepted, after more than 20 years of rather acrimonious debate, the climate discussion changed [Imbrie and Inbrie, 1979]. It was no longer about the heating and cooling of the earth. Instead it was about a mechanism that could cause an Ice Age. This led Tyndall [1861, 1863] to speculate that changes in the atmospheric CO₂ concentration could alter the earth’s climate and this in turn was the motivation for Arrhenius [1896] to try and calculate a possible change in temperature produced by CO₂. He was interested in both long term heating and cooling. Arrhenius had no temperature measurements that he could use to validate his calculations. However, the idea that an increase in CO₂ concentration could lead to an increase in surface temperature had been established. The first person to claim a measurable effect on surface temperature from an increase in CO₂ concentration due to combustion was Callendar [1938]. He assumed that an increase in LWIR absorption and emission in the CO₂ band near 650 cm^-1 could cause a change in surface temperature. He found a slight increase in both CO₂ concentration and meteorological temperatures, particularly in the N. hemisphere. He was probably the first person to find the AMO signal in the weather station data, since his period of record included the warming phase of the AMO from about 1915 to 1935. This is illustrated below in Figure 4.

In the mid 1950s, improved spectroscopic measurements and line by line computer calculations allowed Plass [1956a] to provide improved estimates of possible heating effects from CO₂. He calculated a cooling rate for CO₂ of 0.2 to 0.3 K per day in the troposphere. He was still using the equilibrium assumption, and estimated changes in surface temperature of +3.6 C and -3.8 C for a doubling and a halving of the CO₂ concentration from 330 ppm. In a different paper, he discussed a ‘CO₂ Theory of Climate Change’ [Plass, 1956b]. Here it is clear that he was interested mainly in changes in CO₂ concentration as a cause of an Ice Age cycle, although fossil fuel combustion was also discussed. He speculated the when all of the known coal and oil reserves were used up in less than 1000 years, the equilibrium climate temperature rise could be 12 C with the CO₂ concentration increasing to 3000 ppm.

Interest in the effects of CO₂ from fossil fuel combustion on climate was revived in the late 1950s with the work of Burt Bolin and Roger Revelle on the distribution of CO₂ between the atmosphere and the oceans [Bolin and Eriksson, 1959 Bolin, 1960 Revelle and Seuss, 1957]. They had a new technique that they could use. This was the measurement of the carbon isotope ratios ¹⁴C/¹²C and ¹³C/¹²C. However, this only provided information on the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere that could be attributed to combustion. There was no new information on the relationship between CO₂ and surface temperature. They also used exaggerated claims of climate warming to obtain research funds. They made no attempt to validate their claims using any engineering calculations of the surface temperature.

In order to develop a computer based climate model, it was necessary to develop suitable radiative transfer algorithms that could simulate the changes in energy transfer in the atmosphere as the concentration of such IR active species as H₂O and CO₂ changed. All of this work relied on the equilibrium assumption. Early efforts were described by Manabe and Moller [1961]. In a review of atmospheric optics Moller [1964] used the equilibrium assumption to derive an invalid ‘effective radiation temperature’ of 250 K, using 0.35 for the planetary albedo or reflectivity of the earth. He also described the troposphere as a heat engine, although he did not elaborate on this. The first generally accepted radiative transfer climate model, published by Manabe and Wetherald (M&W) [1967], was also based on the equilibrium climate assumption. It was really just a mathematical platform for the development and evaluation of radiative transfer and related algorithms. The simplifying assumptions used by M&W had to create climate warming before any computer code was written.

4.0 THE TRANSITION FROM INVALID HYPOTHESIS TO CLIMATE FRAUD: FROM MANABE AND WETHERALD, TO THE CHARNEY REPORT, 1967 TO 1979

The assumptions used by M&W in the development of their 1967 model were clearly and honestly stated on the second page of their paper:

1) At the top of the atmosphere, the net incoming solar radiation should be equal to the net outgoing long wave radiation.

2) No temperature discontinuity should exist

3) Free and forced convection and mixing by the large scale eddies prevent the lapse rate from exceeding a critical lapse rate equal to 6.5 C km^-1.

4) Whenever the lapse rate is subcritical, the condition of local radiative equilibrium is satisfied.

5) The heat capacity of the earth’s surface is zero.

6) The atmosphere maintains the given vertical distribution of relative humidity (new requirement).

These assumptions contain three fundamental scientific errors. There is no exact flux balance at TOA, the heat capacity and the effects of moist convection have to be included in the surface heating and relative humidity is not fixed. In addition, molecular line broadening in the lower troposphere means that the upward and downward LWIR flux are not equivalent. The use of such a simple model as a mathematical platform for the development of radiative transfer algorithms is entirely reasonable, provided that the limitations are understood and clearly stated. Any scientist who uses a climate model that incorporates the M&W assumptions should add the caveat ‘does not apply to planet earth’. Has anyone seen a ‘24 hour average sun’ shining in the sky at night? Unfortunately, the climate warming artifacts created by the M&W model soon became a lucrative source of research funds and the limitations of the M&W model were conveniently overlooked. This is still the case today. The original M&W model was recently re-evaluated using an updated code [Kluft, 2020]. All of the original M&W assumptions were accepted without question.

The M&W model created two ‘bandwagons’ that could be used to obtain research funding. First, the radiative transfer algorithms could be improved with better spectroscopic constants and more greenhouse gases. Second, the M&W model could be incorporated into a general circulation model (GCM) with well over a thousand M&W ‘units’ coupled together within a modified weather forecasting program to make ‘improved’ climate ‘predictions’. None of this required any change to the underlying M&W ‘model’ assumptions. Within a decade, an additional 11 ‘minor’ species had been added to the M&W model including CH₄, NH₃, N₂O, HNO₃, SO₂ and six halogenated hydrocarbons [Ramanathan and Coakley (R&C), 1978]. All of the improvements in the IR spectroscopy were valid, until they were used to calculate the ‘equilibrium temperature’ in the M&W model. For example, melodramatic claims of “An appreciable increase in global surface temperature” were made for halogenated hydrocarbons without out any quantitative thermal analysis [Ramanathan, 1975]. All of this was still based on ‘radiative convective equilibrium models’. This was unambiguously stated by R&C on page 479 of their 1978 review paper.

“For radiative-convective equilibrium the net outgoing longwave radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere Fn0 must equal the net solar radiative flux S_n0. Likewise, because the stratosphere is in radiative equilibrium, F_n1 must equal the net solar radiative flux into the troposphere Sn1. For any perturbation, the stratosphere and atmosphere as a whole seek a new state of radiative equilibrium.”

In order to develop a so called general circulation model (GCM) for climate simulation, the M&W model had to be incorporated into the fluid dynamics equations used to describe atmospheric and ocean flow. These are a complex set of complex partial differential equations that have to be solved numerically. There is no analytical solution. Lorenz [1963] showed that the solutions for such equations were inherently unstable. In weather forecasting, this means that the GCM solutions can be accurate for projections up to about 10 days ahead. The accuracy of a weather forecast is easy to establish by comparison of prediction to measurement. There is no reason to expect a complex GCM climate model to have any predictive capability because of the inherent instability in the solution to the fluid dynamics equations. The equilibrium assumption was used to impose an invalid ‘solution’ to the large numbers of coupled non-linear equations in the GCMs. The climate models were run until a stable solution was obtained where the planetary average LWIR flux matched the planetary average absorbed solar flux. By 1975, a ‘highly simplified’ GCM had been developed by M&W [1975]. The 1967 ‘model’ was now described as a ‘global average climate model’. Although the M&W GCM did not contain any real climate effects such as ocean transport and the cloud cover was fixed, claims of global warming from a ‘CO₂ doubling’ were still made.

The M&W approach was officially ‘sanctified’ by the Charney report [1979]. This was a review of CO₂ induced warming effects derived from equilibrium climate models, including feedback effects. At the time of the review, the results from only five GCMs were available, 3 from Manabe’s group and 2 from Hansen’s group. The reviewers concluded that a warming of 3±1.5 C from a ‘doubling’ of the atmospheric CO₂ concentration was likely. The mathematics used in the climate ‘models’ appeared reasonable based on the acceptance of the invalid equilibrium assumption, so no further investigation was needed. Lorenz’s work and the limitations of the weather forecasting models were ignored.

The reviewers involved in the Charney report also chose to ignore the history of CO₂ induced climate change and its origin as the explanation as the cause of an Ice Age cycle. The real cause of an Ice Age, changes to the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, had been established from an analysis of ocean sediment cores in 1976 [Hayes et al, 1976]. A more detailed description was given in the book ‘Ice Ages’ by Imbrie and Imbrie [1979]. Since changes in CO₂ concentration did not cause an Ice Age, there was no reason to expect that such changes from fossil fuel combustion would cause climate change. Tyndall’s speculations from the 1860’s had been disproved. However, the bandwagons were rolling and the global warming apocalypse had been declared based on the mathematical artifacts created by the equilibrium climate models.

5.0 HANSEN’S 1981 ADDITIONS TO THE CLIMATE MODELING FRAUD

By 1979 sufficient evidence had accumulated to show that there was no reason to expect that changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration could cause any climate change. Detailed data showing the non-equilibrium response of land surface temperatures were available a decade before M&W with the publication of ‘Exploring the Atmosphere’s First Mile’ by Lettau and Davidson [1957]. Hubert Lamb’s work ‘Climate, Past Present and Future’ was published in 1972. Here he discussed the role of wind driven evaporation in causing long term weather anomalies [Lamb, 1972]. These involved much larger changes in ocean latent heat flux than any change in LWIR flux from CO₂. Revised spectroscopic constants for water from 200 nm to 200 µm were published by Hale and Querry in 1973. These showed that the penetration depth of the LWIR radiation from CO₂ into water was less than 100 µm [Hale and Querry, 1973]. By the early 1970’s, high quality satellite IR radiometer data were available from the Nimbus program that showed the variability in the LWIR emission to space [Hanel et al, 1971]. As discussed above, CO₂ did not cause Ice Ages.

Instead of correcting the underlying errors related to the equilibrium assumption, Hansen et al added three more invalid assumptions [Hansen et al, 1981]. First, a ‘slab’ ocean model was added to the M&W model. However, there was no consideration of surface energy transfer effects. In particular, wind driven evaporation was ignored and the LWIR flux was assumed to heat the ocean even though the penetration depth of the LWIR flux was only 100 micron. The ‘ocean’ basically added heat capacity and a time delay to the model. This provided the pseudoscientific foundation for ‘climate sensitivity’. Second, a prescribed mathematical ritual of ‘radiative forcing’ was introduced. This was based on the perturbation of an equilibrium climate state by a ‘doubling’ of the CO₂ concentration followed by the transition to a new equilibrium state with a higher surface temperature. Small changes in equilibrium LWIR flux were assumed to be capable of changing the surface temperature including the oceans. No thermal engineering calculation of the change in surface temperature was performed to validate the model. The changes in ‘equilibrium flux’ are shown in Figure 2 and calculated changes in ‘equilibrium temperature’ are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2: Discussion of the effects of a hypothetical ‘CO₂ doubling’ from 300 to 600 ppm on an equilibrium average climate from Hansen et al, 1981.

Figure 3: Effects of various ‘forcing agents’ on surface temperature calculated using an equilibrium average climate model artificially constrained by an exact flux balance at TOA.

Third, there was a ‘bait and switch’ change from ‘equilibrium’ surface and air temperatures to the weather station temperature record. The various flux terms interact with the surface, not the weather station thermometer located in a ventilated enclosure at eye level above the ground [Oke, 2006]. There was no change to the model, the output was just renamed. The weather station record that was presented by Hansen et al also included the well-defined AMO peak near 1940. They chose to ignore this and called it ‘noise’. Since 1981, the only change to the basic equilibrium climate model was the addition of ‘efficacies’ to the radiative forcings by Hansen et al [2005].

The fraud in Hansen et al should be obvious to a scientist or engineer with a basic understanding of surface energy transfer. The ocean surface energy transfer was ignored, especially the wind driven evaporation. The normal diurnal and seasonal changes in surface flux and temperature are sufficiently large that the small changes in flux from CO₂ are too small to have any effect. At present, the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ is increasing by approximately 2.4 ppm per year. This produces an increase in LWIR flux of 0.034 W m^-2 per year. The step doubling by 280 ppm is a hypothetical modeling construct.

6.0 THE ROLE OF THE AMO IN SETTING THE CLIMATE TEMPERATURE

The Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) is the quasi-periodic, 60 to 70 year variation in the surface temperature of the N. Atlantic Basin from the equator to 60° N. This variation is superimposed on an approximately linear warming trend that is attributed to the temperature recovery from the Little Ice Age or Maunder Minimum [Akasofu, 2010]. The AMO is a major component of the global average temperature anomaly used in the evaluation of the climate models. Figure 4a shows the annual average temperature anomaly of the N. Atlantic Ocean, including the slope (no detrend) [NOAA, AMO, 2020]. This is overlapped with HadCRUT4 global temperature anomaly [HadCRUT4, 2020]. Both the longer term 60 year maxima and minima and the shorter term ‘fingerprint’ detail of the AMO can clearly be seen in both plots. The correlation coefficient between the two data sets is 0.8. From 1970 onwards, the HadCRUT4 series is offset approximately 0.3 C higher than the AMO. This requires further investigation and is probably related to adjustments made to the HadCRUT4 data, urban heat island effects (UHI), and station changes [Andrews, 2017a 2017b 2017c D’Aleo, 2010]. The linear slope of the AMO and a least squares sine wave fit to the oscillation are also shown. The oscillation period is 61 years and the amplitude is ±0.2 C. Earlier temperature records were published by Callendar [1938], Hansen et al [1981] and Jones et al [1986]. These are shown in Figure 4b, 4d and 4e. During the 1970’s, the cooling produced by the AMO was used to generate a ‘climate cooling’ scare, although this was minimized over 30 years later by Peterson et al [McFarlane, 2018 Peterson et al, 2008 Douglas, 1975 Bryson and Dittberner, 1976]. This is shown in Figure 4c [Douglas, 1975]. The periods of record are indicated on Figure 4a. The atmospheric CO₂ concentration (Keeling curve) is also plotted in Figures 4d and 4e [Keeling, 2020].

The period of record for Callendar included the warm phase of the AMO from about 1910 to 1935. The periods of record for Hansen et al and Jones et al include the full AMO cycle from 1910 to 1970. The warming that could be detected after 1970 was used by Jones et al to ramp up the CO₂ climate warming scam. Comparison of the 1940 peak in the AMO to the CO₂ concentration in Figures 4c and 4d should make it clear to a scientist or engineer that there is no relationship between the two.

Figure 4: a) AMO anomaly and HadCRUT4 global temperature anomaly, aligned from 1860 to 1970, b) temperature anomaly for N. temperate stations from Callendar [1938], c) global cooling from Douglas [1975], d) global temperature anomaly from Hansen et al, [1981] and e) global temperature anomaly from Jones et al, [1986]. The changes in CO₂ concentration (Keeling Curve) are also shown in c and d. The periods of record for the weather station data are also indicated.

7.0 THE GROWTH OF THE CLIMATE MODELING FRAUD

When the Charney report was written in 1979, results from global circulation models (GCMs) were only available from two groups. One was associated with Manabe at NOAA and the other with Hansen at NASA Goddard. A total of five rather primitive models had been developed. Much of the data had not been published and was communicated privately. By 1995, 18 coupled climate models were available from seven different countries [Meehl et al, 1997]. The modeling effort for the IPCC is now coordinated through the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). In 2019 there were 49 modeling groups with approximately 100 different models involved in CMIP6 generating the fraudulent data to be incorporated into the next IPCC climate assessment (AR6) [Hausfather, 2019]. All of these models used the same basic approach established by M&W and Hansen. The invalid assumption of an equilibrium average climate is still the foundation of the CO₂ induced warming generated by these models. The ‘equilibrium climate sensitivity’ for various CMIP5 and CMIP6 climate models are shown below in Figure 6. As computer technology has improved, the models have become much more complex. A lot of effort has been expended on ‘tuning’ these models to match observational data, but the fundamental instabilities related to the solution of the coupled non-linear equations have been ignored. As new groups have joined the CMIP modeling effort, the underlying assumptions have been accepted without question. There has been no ‘due diligence’ to investigate the validity of the models. The climate modelers have withdrawn into their own fictional modeling world. They are no longer scientists. They remain inside a cocoon of lies and discuss the pseudoscientific climate theology of ‘forcings’, ‘feedbacks’ and ‘climate sensitivities’ among themselves. The peer review process has collapsed and been replaced by blatant cronyism. Their primary mission is to perpetuate the climate pyramid scheme by providing the climate lies that the governments and special interest groups want to hear.

8.0 THE AMO AND THE DETERMINATION OF THE PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC ‘CLIMATE SENSITIVITY CONSTANT’

The concept of radiative forcing evolved gradually from the radiative transfer ‘bandwagon’ [Ramaswamy et al, 2019]. The change in LWIR flux at TOA from each IR species could be added together and various aerosol ‘tuning knobs’ could be added. All of this is based on the invalid assumption of the perturbation of an equilibrium average climate. As soon as the equilibrium climate assumption is made, physical reality is abandoned and one enters the realm of computerized climate fiction. The basic logic of cause and effect is ignored and replaced by correlation. The starting point is an irrational belief in the a-priori assumption that an increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration must cause any increase in ‘surface temperature’. This is taken to mean the mean global weather station record, after it has been averaged, homogenized and generally adjusted upward to match at least part of the warming created by the climate models [Andrews, 2017a 2017b 2017c D’Aleo, 2010].

There are two pseudoscientific ‘climate sensitivities’. The first is an ‘equilibrium climate sensitivity’ (ECS) and the second is a ‘transient climate response’ (TCR). The ECS is the equilibrium climate temperature response to a radiative forcing after the model oceans have adjusted to a new equilibrium state and the TCR is the response to a gradual increase in the radiative forcing, usually from a 1% per year increase in CO₂ concentration before equilibrium is reached [IPCC 2013 Chapter 9].

Otto et al [2013] define these as:

The change in temperature is taken from the HadCRUT4 global temperature anomaly [HadCRUT4, 2019] and the radiative forcings are taken from the CMIP5 /RCP4.5 model ensemble. The change in heat content is dominated by ocean heat uptake. More recent estimates of ECS and TCR are provided by Lewis and Curry [2018]. The decadal temperature and forcing estimates from data given by Otto et al [2013] are shown in Figures 5a and 5b. The 1910 AMO cycle minimum and the 1970 maximum are indicated. The increase in the downward LWIR flux related to the ‘radiative forcing’ shown in Figure 5b cannot couple below the ocean surface and cause any measurable change in ocean temperature. To show the relationship to the AMO more clearly, the HadCRUT4 data used by Otto et al is overlapped with the AMO data from Figure 4 and plotted in Figure 5c. The influence of the AMO extends over large areas of North America, Europe and parts of Africa through the propagation of the ocean surface temperature by weather systems that are formed over the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean surface temperature is coupled to the weather stations through the convection transition temperature. Using tree ring analysis, the AMO has been reconstructed back to 1567 [Gray et al, 2004 Gray.NOAA, 2021]. This is shown in Figure 5d. None of the observed temperature changes associated with the AMO can be attributed to an increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration.

Figure 5: a) Decadal mean temperature estimates derived from the HadCRUT4 global mean temperature series b) decadal mean forcing with standard errors from the CMIP5 /RCP4.5 ensemble. Data from Otto et al [2013], c) Figure a) with the AMO plot overlay and d) AMO reconstruction from 1567.

Using the radiative forcing approach it is claimed that the ECS is in the range from 2.1 to 4.7 C based on the CMIP5 model ‘ensemble’. In the US, this modeling effort is coordinated by the climate group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL). They also maintain the ‘library’ of climate model results [Stauffer et al, 2017 Taylor et al, 2012]. The CMIP5 model results were used by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in their fifth Climate Assessment Report (AR5) [IPCC 2013, Chap. 9]. For the upcoming AR6 IPCC report, the ECS of the CMIP6 climate model ‘ensemble’ is given as 1.8 to 5.6 K [Hausfather, 2019, Zelinka et al, 2020]. These climate sensitivities are shown in Figure 6. The median ECS of 3.8 C/280 ppm translates into a temperature sensitivity of about 74 ppm C-1. A 2 C temperature rise corresponds to a CO₂ concentration of approximately 430 ppm. This is the pseudoscientific basis of the 2 C temperature limit incorporated into the Paris Climate Accord [Luning and Vahrenholt, 2017].

Figure 6: Pseudoscientific equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) for a doubling of the CO₂ concentration from 280 to 560 ppm for selected CMIP5 and CMIP6 climate models.

Comparison of the radiative forcings in Figure 5b to the AMO overlay in Figure 5c and the extended reconstruction of the AMO in Figure 5d should make it clear to a scientist or engineer that there is no connection between the radiative forcings and the temperature response. This is further confirmed when the ocean surface energy transfer is examined. The small increase in downward LWIR flux to the surface produced by LWIR component of the forcing is fully coupled to the wind driven evaporation. Within the ±30° latitude bands the 2 W m^-2 radiative forcing from CO₂ is removed by an increase in wind speed of approximately 13 cm s^-1. The range of the ECS, from 1.8 to 5.6 K in the CMIP6 ensemble shows that the models have no real predictive capabilities. Where are the independent engineering estimates of the ECS and the associated error analysis? The real value of the ECS is ‘too small to measure’. Where are the predictions of the ocean oscillations?

9.0 THE POLITICAL EXPLOITATION OF THE CLIMATE MODELING FRAUD

The political exploitation of the climate modeling fraud started in the 1970s over exaggerated concerns related to population growth. Paul Ehrlich published his book ‘The Population Bomb’ in 1968 and Meadows et al published ‘Limits to Growth’ in 1972 [Meadows, 1972]. An important event was the 1975 conference ‘The Atmosphere Endangered and Endangering’ organized by anthropologist Margaret Mead [Hecht, 2007, Mead and Kellogg, 1976]. Her objective was to exploit atmospheric pollution –real or imagined - for population control. Attendees included Stephen Schneider and John Holdren. Both were strongly influenced by Ehrlich. Schneider became a leading advocate of the CO₂ climate scare at Stanford University. Holdren became science and technology advisor to President Obama.

Efforts also started to exploit global warming within the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Bert Bolin conducted climate research for both agencies. Maurice Strong was the first head of UNEP in 1972 and from the start it was involved in blatant environmental advocacy [McClean, 2009]. In 1980, a conference in Villach, Austria, was hosted by the WMO, UNEP and the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), with the aim of providing a "carefully prepared scientific assessment of the CO₂ question to provide them with guidance in their future activities and advice to nations". This conference concluded that the scientific uncertainties were so significant that no CO₂ management plan could be proposed. The same three organizations tried again in Villach in1985, using essentially the same data, but this time the 100 attendees participated as individuals rather than representatives of their countries, and they were selected by the three sponsoring agencies because of their support for global warming. This conference included the presentation of several papers, which were both commissioned and peer-reviewed by the conference organizers [Boehmer-Christiansen and Kellow, 2002]. Bert Bolin wrote the report for this conference and created a consensus on the need to take action on global warming. Bolin was also instrumental in preparing the SCOPE 29 report on ‘The greenhouse effect, climate change and ecosystems’ [Bolin et al, 1986]. This created the necessary political pressure for the WMO to establish the IPCC in 1988. Hansen also presented his fraudulent climate warming data to a congressional hearing in June 1988 [Hamlin, 2021].

When the IPCC was created in 1988, Bolin was the first chairman and another global warming believer, John Houghton, Director General of the UK Met Office led Working Group 1 for the technical assessment of global warming. The UK Hadley Center for Climate Prediction was established at the Met. Office in 1989. In conjunction with the Climate Research Center at the University of E. Anglia, the Hadley Center provided major support to the IPCC. The first IPCC assessment report was published in 1990. It was based largely on the SCOPE 29 report.

It must be emphasized that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a political body, not a scientific one [McLean, 2010, 2009, Bolin, 2007]. Its mission is to assess “the scientific, technical and socioeconomic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change.” This is based on the a-priori assumption that human activities are causing CO₂ induced global warming. There never was an attempt to objectively evaluate the scientific evidence of the cause of climate change. The IPCC was established to exploit global warming as a way of inducing economic disruption based on the population control and sustainability concerns raised by the Club of Rome [Darwall, 2017, Zubrin, 2013, Klaus, 2007, Dewar, 1995]. The IPCC has published five major assessment reports: the first, second and third - FAR (1990), SAR (1995), TAR (2001) and AR4 (2007), and AR5 (2013). While the reports may contain a useful compendium of scientific references, material that does not conform to global warming dogma has usually been omitted. Authors and editors were selected based on their willingness to find CO₂ induced global warming whether it existed or not. The primary focus of these reports has been on the use of modeling ‘scenarios’ to predict future global warming using invalid computer models. These reports should not be cited as scientific references. Any scientific caution about the attribution of temperature increases to global warming was abandoned with the second IPCC Assessment Report in 1995. This was altered at the last minute at the request of the US State Department [FM, 2012]. The science had to agree with the ‘Summary for Policymakers’ written for the politicians. Similarly, the notorious ‘Hockey Stick’ temperature series based on fraudulent tree ring data was featured prominently in the 2001 Assessment Report [Mann et al, 1998, 1999, Montford, 2010, Steyn, 2015 Wedgman et al, 2010]. This was an attempt to eliminate the Medieval Warm Period and the Maunder Minimum from the climate record. The fraud here was the deliberate manipulation of the measured data to create the desired outcome.

Close ties developed between political leaders and various leading climate researchers. In the UK this included John Houghton (UK Met Office), the Climate Research Unit (CRU) at UEA and Margaret Thatcher (UK Prime Minister) [Courtney, 2012]. In the US one of leading political advocates of climate change was Al Gore. He first heard of global warming as a student when he took a course from Roger Revelle. Gore was elected to Congress in 1976 and was US Vice president from 1992 to 2000. He was later responsible for ‘An Inconvenient Truth’. This was a largely fraudulent book on global warming that was also made into a film of the same name. International efforts led to the Kyoto protocol which was established in 1997 and ratified in 2005. Some of the Kyoto provisions ended in 2012. The US never ratified the Kyoto Protocol. The Paris ‘accord’ is latest ‘voluntary’ attempt at some kind of agreement. One of the reasons for the failure is because the ‘developed’ countries have refused to pay the large sums of money ($100 billion per year) requested by the ‘underdeveloped’ countries for ‘damage’ caused by ‘global warming’. In addition, a large number of coal fired electrical power plants are either under construction or being planned notably by China and India. US policy towards global warming has also changed significantly with the last three US presidents.

In November of 2009, and again in November 2011, a large archive of e-mails and other files from the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia was released on the Internet. A third round was released in March 2013. This archive has revealed to many people outside of the close knit climate community that there had been an ongoing fraud for many years to promote the global warming agenda and prevent the publication of material that did not support the prevailing global warming dogma. The peer review process in climate science had collapsed and been replaced by blatant cronyism. Climate science had become detached from its foundation in physical science and degenerated into a quasi-religious cult. Belief in global warming was a prerequisite for funding in climate science. The release of this climate archive became known as ‘Climategate’. The information provided has been analyzed in detail by several authors [Monckton, 2009, Montford 2010, Mosher & Fuller, 2010].

10.0 THE ATTRIBUTION OF ‘EXTREME WEATHER’ TO CO₂

Another part of the climate fraud is the attempt to ‘attribute’ a rise in various ‘extreme weather events’ to the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The fraudulent claims related to increased hurricane intensity after hurricane Katrina have been discussed by Gray [2012, 2011]. So called ‘hurricane Sandy’ in 2012 was simply a normal, predictable ‘100 year’ storm. Such storms have been documented since the US was first settled by Europeans in the seventeenth century. Two such storms occurred in 1635 and 1638 [Donnelley et al, 2001]. The modern urban infrastructure was simply not designed to withstand such a storm. Coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef has been linked to local decreases in sea level caused by ocean oscillation effects, [Steele, 2017]. Floods, heatwaves and droughts have followed normal patterns and have not increased because of CO₂ [Khandekar, 2013]. There was nothing unusual about the 2003 European heat wave [Black et al, 2004]. The weather patterns that lead to increased fire danger in parts of California and Australia are related to downslope winds and ‘blocking’ high pressure systems. The downward flow of dry air can produce increases in temperature of 10 C over a period of a few days or less [Fox-Hughes, 2012 Math, 1934]. This is considered in more detail in the ‘Surface Temperature’ post.

Since 2012, the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS) has published an annual supplement on ‘Explaining Extreme Events of [Year] From a Climate Perspective’. [Herring et al, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2015, Peterson et al, 2013, 2012]. Unfortunately, these supplements have implied that there is an underlying climate warming produced by CO₂ that is somehow contributing to at least some of these events. This again is nothing more than an artifact of the use of fraudulent radiative forcing techniques in the equilibrium climate models such as the CMIP5/6 ensembles and the HadGEM model series [Andrews et al, 2019, 2012]. The current increase in downward LWIR flux to the surface from the observed increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration is approximately 0.034 W m^-2 per year. When a proper thermal engineering analysis of the surface temperature is performed using a dynamic flux balance coupled to the surface reservoirs, there can be no measurable warming effect from CO₂. Instead, the natural warming from the AMO has been incorrectly attributed to ‘CO₂ forcing’.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was performed as independent research by the author. It was not supported by any grant awards and none of the work was conducted as a part of employment duties for any employer. The views expressed are those of the author.

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